github-tutorial

Git and GitHub

Qué?

Git: Un sistema de control de versiones que lleva registro de los cambios de código
GitHub: Un servidor popular basado en web, para almacenar repositorios.

Por qué?

Mantiene un historial completo de los cambios
Permite desarrollo colaborativo de varias partes sobre el mismo código
Es eficiente y ligero (ragistra cambios en archivos, con los contenidos de los archivos)
Los ropositorios públicos pueden servir como portafolios de programación.

Cómo?

Es lo que vamos a averiguar!!

Git y GitHub Setup

1. Crear una cuenta de GitHub.

Crear una cuenta de GitHub en el sitio oficial.

Entra en https://github.com/ y sigue las instrucciones para crear tu cuenta.
Tip: Elige un nombre profesional de ser posible.

2. Instalar Git

Instalar Git en tu computadora (usando la terminal con Mac o Ubuntu).

Para instalarlo en Mac: $ brew install git
Para instalarlo en Ubuntu: $ apt-get install git
Para instalarlo en Windows: http://git-scm.com/downloads
Tip: Si te encuentras en problemas, prueba esto here
Tip: Para checar que git ya este instalado en la terminal, prueba $ git en Terminal

3. Configuración Git

COnfigure Git para que Github pueda reconocer los envios o commit (en la Terminal).

Ejecuta los siguientes comandos en la Terminal para configurar git:

$ git config --global user.name "[insert your user name here]"
$ git config --global user.email "[insert your email here]"
Tip: Los ajustes de la configuracion global pueden ser accesados y manualmente editados en ~/.gitconfig

4. Tutorial para hacer Fork de un repositorio a tu cuenta

Puedes observar el tutorial para el Fork de un repositorio a tu cuenta a través de la página web GitHub. La finalidad de realizar "Fork" es que realiza una copia exacta del repositorio original a tu cuenta de Githhub.

En la página GitHub repo page, en la parte superior derecha de la página, justo abajo de la foto de tu cuenta de Github, da click en el botón Fork (Observe el ejemplo de abajo).
Selecciona tu cuenta a la que deseas exportar la copia exacta del repositorio cuando te lo pida. Esto hará que puedar hacer 'fork' del repositorio tutorial-github-es en tu cuenta.

Tip: Si realizaste 'fork' exitosamente del repositorio de este tutorial, entonces tu debes de observar el nombre del repositorio como [tu_nombre_usuario]/tutorial-github-es

5. Clonar el repositorio a tu máquina local.

Clona este repositorio (el repositorio remoto) a tu máquina local.

En tu tutorial de la página web del repositorio, dale click al botón verde "Clonar o Download" en la parte derecha de la página.
Selecciona la opción "Use HTTPS" si es que se encuentra disponible.
Copia el link.
En la terminal, navega a tu folder de desarrollo. (Nota: Si no cuentas con un folder de desarrollo, serìa una buena idea el crear uno donde tu puedes guardar todos los directorios que serán monitoreados por "Git" (Software que controla versiones ) en un solo lugar.)

$ cd [path to your development folder]
Escribe git clone dentro de la Terminal, seguido del link que previamente copiaste del repositorio (Mira el ejemplo de abajo)

$ git clone [link to your forked tutorial repository]

¡Ahora te encuentras listo para usar el control de versiones con Git y Github!

Conceptos y Vocabulario de Git

Change (aka Diff)

Git maintains version control by tracking the changes or diffs between file versions.

You can change a file by doing one of two things:

File creation, renaming, or deletion.
Insertion or deletion of a line in a file (a modified line is both an insertion and a deletion)

Git represents insertions or added changes with a + and deletions or removed changes with a -

Tip: You can use the command git diff to see how a file has changed since its last commit or between two branches.

Commit

Los commits son una serie de cambios que registran las actualizaciones a una serie de archivos.

Cada commit tiene un hash global único (que se calcula con los datos de los archivos) que sirve como identificador.

Branch

A branch refers to a linear series of commits.

A codebase can be calculated by applying changes to files in each commit in succession.

Repositorio

Un repositorio es una estructura de árbol que contiene distintas ramas. En donde cada rama representa un estado distinto del código

Distintas ramas oueden ser formadas en cualquier commit, y dos ramas pueden ser combinadas sumando sus cambios (bajo el supuesto de que no hay conflictos).

Tutorial básico de Git

Flujo de trabajo básico

Dentro del entorno de trabajo de Git, encontramos que nuestros archivos dentro de nuestra computadora, pueden estar en tres áreas de trabajo distintas, según el avance de nuestro proyecto:

Árbol de trabajo

Área de Staging

Repositorio local

Principalmente hay tres comandos básicos del flujo de trabajo normal cuando estamos haciendo un control de versión con git. Estos comandos son add, commit y push

Vamos a ahondar en esto con un ejemplo de uso:

0. Crear un archivo.

Primero, creamos un archivo de prueba que vamos a ir siguiendo usando Git.

En la terminal, nos dirigimos a la dirección del repositorio sobre el que trabajaremos.
Creamos un archivo de Python que se llame, por ejemplo, 'hola.py'

Escribamos algo de código (muy simple) y salvamos el archivo.

 def saludar(nombre):  
 	print("Hola " + nombre)

 if __name__ == "__main__":
 	saludar('Usuario')

1. git add

Después de haber creado el archivo, vamos a agregarlo al área de staging:

En la terminal, usemos el comando git add seguido del nombre del archivo que vamos a seguir.

$ git add hola.py

2. git commit

After adding the file to be tracked, commit the changes to be tracked using Git.

In Terminal, use git commit - m followed by a short message to commit the changes.

$ git commit -m "Initial commit"
Tip: Try and make your messages short but meaningful.
Tip: It is possible, and sometimes encouraged, to add multiple files before making a single commit that encompasses all the changes to those files.

3. git push

After commiting the changes, push the changes from your local machine to the remote repository.

In Terminal, use git push origin followed by the name of the branch you are pushing.

$ git push origin master

Useful Git Commands

There are many other useful Git commands to help you track the status of your files.

git status allows you to check the status of your repo, including:

Which branch you are working on
Which files are tracked or untracked
Which files are modified

git diff followed by the file name allows you to check the changes to the given file

Additional Information

.gitignore

Sometimes there are sensitive (or irrelevant) files that you do not want tracked by Git (e.g., passwords).

Git uses a hidden file called .gitignore to indicate which files or file types (e.g., *.pkl, *.ipynb_checkpoints) not to track. After adding file names to the .gitignore file, changes made to files that match those names will not be tracked.

Example:

Create a file called "credentials.json" in the directory of your repository.
If you run git status, you should see "credentials.json" under the untracked files section.
Create a file called .gitignore if it does not exist.
Add the text "credentials.json" to the .gitignore file
Save and close the .gitignore file
If you run git status, "credentials.json" should no longer appear.

It's good practice to add, commit, and push the .gitignore file to Github so that your collaborators can see (and add) which files are not being tracked in the repository.

Create a GitHub Repository

You can create a new repository through the Github webpage.

From your Github profile on the Github webpage, click on the link, Repositories, located next to Overview.
Click on the green button labeled "New" located on the right side of the page.
Create and add a name for your repository.
Select the option to "Initialize this repository with a README"
Add a .gitignore file by selecting an option from the dropdown menu.
- Each option represents a default .gitignore file for the given option.
- For example, the Python option will by default include *.ipynb_checkpoints

To clone the repository to your local machine, follow the steps outlined earlier.

Create a new branch

One of the most useful features of Git is the ability to develop on multiple branches.

To create a new branch on your local machine, use git checkout -b followed by the name of your new branch.
$ git checkout -b add_excitement

To add the new branch to your remote repository, use git push origin followed by the name of the branch.
$ git push origin add_excitement

Use the basic add, commit, and push commands (pointing to this new branch) to develop on this branch.

To merge one branch into another, use git checkout followed by the branch you want to merge into and git merge followed by the branch you are merging into the first branch.

$ git checkout master
$ git merge add_excitement

To locally delete the branch, use git branch -d followed by the branch name.

To remotely delete the branch, use git push origin --delete followed by the branch name.

$ git branch -d add_excitement # local delete
$ git push origin --delete add_excitement # remote delte

WARNING: Performing these delete commands will remove any changes you made to files tracked on these branches. Make sure you have merged any changes you wish to keep into live branches before deleting old branches.

Use git branch to see which branch you are currently working on. git status also notes which branch you are currently on.

$ git branch
$ git status

Pull Requests

When developing on a team, you rarely merge branches locally (i.e., the process described above).

Typically branches are merged using pull requests (which also includes code review).

A pull request is basically a request to another member of your team to review your code. If they think it looks good, they can accept the pull request (or PR) and merge your branch into another one, such as master or a main feature branch.

1. Create a pull request

Create a pull request by going to the webpage of the Github repository.

On the Github repository page, click on the "Pull requests" link next to "Code" and "Issues".
Select the green "New pull request" button on the right side of the page.
Use the left-most dropdown menu, "base:", to select the branch you want to merge into.
Use the second dropdown menu, "compare:", to select the branch that you want to merge.
Click the green "Create pull request" button to access the options to create the pull request.
Leave a comment if you want to elaborate on the reason for the pull request or provide an update on the changes you made to the branch.
Click on the gear button next to "Assignees" to assign someone to review and merge the pull request. This has to be someone who is a collaborator on the project.
Select the green "Create pull request" button to open the pull request.

2. Accept a pull request

On the Github repository webpage, review the pull request, accept changes, and merge the branch.

To review the pull request, check the "Commits" and "Files changed" options to review the code.
Within "Files changed", it's possible to add comments to single lines of code by selecting the "+" symbols next to each line. You have the option of submitting single comments or adding them to a review.
It's possible (but not necessary) to submit a full review by selecting the green "Review changes" button.
If the changes look good to you, on the "Conversations" tab, select the green "Merge pull request" button.
Select the green "Confirm merge" button to complete the merge. Add a comment at this stage if you would like to comment on the merge.

3. Delete the merged branch remotely

After merging the branch, it's good practice to delete the working branch to declutter the repository.

On the pull request webpage, select the grey button called "Delete branch" to delete the merged branch remotely.

4. Delete the merged branch locally

Before deleting the local merged branch, pull the changes into the base branch, then delete the local branch

In Terminal, switch to the base branch using git checkout followed by the name of the base branch.
Pull the merged changes using git pull origin followed by the name of the base branch.
Delete the merged branch using git branch -d followed by the name of the merged branch.
```
 $ git checkout master
 $ git pull origin master
 $ git branch -d add_excitement
```

WARNING: Remember that when you delete a branch, you delete any of the changes that were tracked on it. Double check that your changes were merged into a live branch before deleting the branch.

Best Practices

When should I commit?

Ideally you commit “working” code, so that you can return to a working state if necessary. Also, each commit should have one logical task that can be summarized in one phrase.

When should I push?

Always right after you commit. Why wouldn’t you want to have an immediate back up?

Do I have to have commit messages?

You at least need a descriptive title. This is an important part of code documentation (especially in a multi-developer environment).

Cómo colaborar en un proyecto en GitHub

Fork del repositorio
Clonar el repositorio
Actualizar la rama master
Crear una rama
Hacer los cambios
Hacer un Pull Request

Fork del repositorio

El primer paso es hacer "Fork" del repositorio.

Clonar el repositorio

Después de tener el repositorio en nuestra cuenta, seleccionar la dirección del repositorio "SSH o HTTP" y clonar:

$ git clone https://github.com/User/NombreRepo.git

Dentro de la carpeta que genera, comprobar la URL del repositorio:

$ git remote -v

Antes de realizar modificaciones agregar la URL del repositorio original del proyecto:

$ git remote add upstream https://github.com/User/RepoOriginal(Forkeado)

Comprobar

$ git remote -v

Actualizar la rama Master

Antes de empezar a trabajar, obtener los últimos cambios del Repo Original:

$ git pull -r upstream master

Crear una Rama

Para crear una rama usar la opción "checkout" de git:

$ git checkout -b feature-nombre-rama

Hacer cambios

Realizar todos los cambios que se desea hacer al proyecto.

Agregar los archivos y hacer un commit

Después de realizar el commit hacer el push hacia nuestro repositorio indicando la rama que hemos creado.

$ git push origin feature-nombre-rama

Hacer un Pull Request

Hacer click en "Compare & Pull Request"

Escribir cambios del Pull Request.

Si todo está bien, enviar con el botón "Send Pull Request".

Esperar a que el duelo del repositorio lo revise, acepte y mezcle en la rama correspondiente.

¿Quieres escribir un archivo como este? Github Markdown

Información Extra

Cursos

Thank you to Mike Grinolds for his slides and GitHub tutorial! Thank you to InsightDataScience for the english version!! Gracias a BCasal por la sección "Cómo colaborar en un proyecto en GitHub"

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
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img		img
LICENSE		LICENSE
README.md		README.md
git.pdf		git.pdf
git_basico.pdf		git_basico.pdf

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CarlosRendonH/tutorial-github-es

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