diff --git a/02_activities/assignments/assignment_1.ipynb b/02_activities/assignments/assignment_1.ipynb
index 156d0408e..e5621ca5e 100644
--- a/02_activities/assignments/assignment_1.ipynb
+++ b/02_activities/assignments/assignment_1.ipynb
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@
     "    * Open a private window in your browser. Copy and paste the link to your pull request into the address bar. Make sure you can see your pull request properly. This helps the technical facilitator and learning support staff review your submission easily.\n",
     "\n",
     "Checklist:\n",
-    "- [ ] Created a branch with the correct naming convention.\n",
-    "- [ ] Ensured that the repository is public.\n",
-    "- [ ] Reviewed the PR description guidelines and adhered to them.\n",
-    "- [ ] Verify that the link is accessible in a private browser window.\n",
+    "- [*] Created a branch with the correct naming convention.\n",
+    "- [*] Ensured that the repository is public.\n",
+    "- [*] Reviewed the PR description guidelines and adhered to them.\n",
+    "- [*] Verify that the link is accessible in a private browser window.\n",
     "\n",
     "If you encounter any difficulties or have questions, please don't hesitate to reach out to our team via our Slack at `#dc-help`. Our Technical Facilitators and Learning Support staff are here to help you navigate any challenges."
    ]
@@ -56,32 +56,65 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 1,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "# For testing purposes, we will write our code in the function\n",
     "def anagram_checker(word_a, word_b):\n",
-    "  # Your code here\n",
-    "\n",
+    "  return sorted(word_a.lower()) == sorted(word_b.lower())\n",
+    "    \n",
     "# Run your code to check using the words below:\n",
     "anagram_checker(\"Silent\", \"listen\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 2,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "anagram_checker(\"Silent\", \"Night\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 3,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "anagram_checker(\"night\", \"Thing\")"
    ]
@@ -97,22 +130,49 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 8,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 8,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "def anagram_checker(word_a, word_b, is_case_sensitive):\n",
-    "  # Modify your existing code here\n",
+    "  if is_case_sensitive:\n",
+    "    return sorted(word_a) == sorted(word_b)\n",
+    "  else:\n",
+    "    return sorted(word_a.lower()) == sorted(word_b.lower())\n",
     "\n",
     "# Run your code to check using the words below:\n",
+    "# [PR] this is where I realized why we started with non-case-sensitive anagrams, despite it being more complicated\n",
+    "# [PR] tried to add descriptive strings in addition to the boolean T/F, but after struggling a bit, decided to just follow the instructions\n",
     "anagram_checker(\"Silent\", \"listen\", False) # True"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 9,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "anagram_checker(\"Silent\", \"Listen\", True) # False"
    ]
@@ -130,7 +190,7 @@
  ],
  "metadata": {
   "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "new-learner",
+   "display_name": "dsi_participant",
    "language": "python",
    "name": "python3"
   },
@@ -144,7 +204,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.11.8"
+   "version": "3.9.19"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,
diff --git a/04_this_cohort/live_code/08_19_2025.ipynb b/04_this_cohort/live_code/08_19_2025.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0936ab34c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/04_this_cohort/live_code/08_19_2025.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,1569 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "3a708ea8",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Python\n",
+    "## August 19th 2025"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "id": "ef084562",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Hello World\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('Hello World')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "07bc5265",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Keyboard Shortcuts:**\n",
+    "   - Utilize keyboard shortcuts for faster execution:\n",
+    "     - `Shift + Enter`: Run the current cell and move to the next cell.\n",
+    "     - `Ctrl + Enter`: Run the current cell and stay on the same cell.\n",
+    "     - `Alt + Enter`: Run the current cell and insert a new cell below."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 82,
+   "id": "668637e4",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Hello World\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('Hello World')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "f3171117",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "- int: whole numbers\n",
+    "- float: decimal numbers\n",
+    "- string: text\n",
+    "- bool: true/false"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 83,
+   "id": "afe3c287",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "11"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 83,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "5 + 6"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 84,
+   "id": "4f88bc62",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2.5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 84,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "5 / 2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 85,
+   "id": "13495679",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3.3333333333333335"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 85,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "10 / 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 86,
+   "id": "16e44314",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 86,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# integer division -> divide the first operand by the second and return the quotient rounded down to the nearest int\n",
+    "10 // 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 87,
+   "id": "4c6f4a58",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 87,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# modulo -> return the remainder of the division of the first operand by the second\n",
+    "10 % 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 88,
+   "id": "5e68b158",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1000"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 88,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "10 ** 3 "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "2082c9cb",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "| Operator | Description |\n",
+    "| --- | --- |\n",
+    "| `>` | Greater than |\n",
+    "| `>=` | Greater than or equal to |\n",
+    "| `<` | Less than |\n",
+    "| `<=` | Less than or equal to |\n",
+    "| `==` | Equal to |\n",
+    "| `!=` | Not equal to |"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 89,
+   "id": "e3a300f0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 89,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 90,
+   "id": "be88cf56",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 90,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 91,
+   "id": "f00fae10",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 91,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "50 > 25"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 92,
+   "id": "36fcfc66",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 92,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "-15 >= -14.99"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 93,
+   "id": "4d4baf68",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 93,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "20 == 20"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "77effa12",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "\n",
+    "| Order | Operator | Description |\n",
+    "|---|---|---|\n",
+    "| 1 | `**` | Exponentiation |\n",
+    "| 2 | `-`| Negation |\n",
+    "| 3 | `*`, `/`, `//`, `%` | Multiplication, division, integer division, and modulo |\n",
+    "| 4 | `+`, `-` | Addition and subtraction |\n",
+    "| 5 | `<`, `<=`, `>`, `>=`, `==`, `!=` | Less than, less than or equal to, greater than, greater than or equal to, equal, not equal |"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 94,
+   "id": "afe5d9ed",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 94,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "(10 * 2) / 3 > 15"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 95,
+   "id": "1c7c767d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "20"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 95,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "10 * 2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 96,
+   "id": "0bb7aae0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6.666666666666667"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 96,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "20 / 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 97,
+   "id": "3eb8eb8a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 97,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "6.666666666666667 > 15"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 98,
+   "id": "992957e4",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# variable names\n",
+    "# can have letters, digits, and underscores\n",
+    "# cannot start with a digit\n",
+    "# case sensitive\n",
+    "\n",
+    "degrees_celsius = 25"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 99,
+   "id": "cb75ef25",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "77.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 99,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "degrees_fahrenheit = (9 / 5) * degrees_celsius + 32\n",
+    "degrees_fahrenheit"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 100,
+   "id": "1712855b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "77.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 100,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "(9 / 5) * 25 + 32"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 101,
+   "id": "5e4c6a19",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 101,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "degrees_celsius = 0\n",
+    "degrees_celsius"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 102,
+   "id": "ad95dc26",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "77.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 102,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "degrees_fahrenheit"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 103,
+   "id": "a672812c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "32.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 103,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "degrees_fahrenheit = (9 / 5) * degrees_celsius + 32\n",
+    "degrees_fahrenheit"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 104,
+   "id": "1e58c58f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 104,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "degrees_celsius"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 107,
+   "id": "20df63a5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "30"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 107,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "degrees_celsius = degrees_celsius + 10\n",
+    "degrees_celsius"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 108,
+   "id": "aeab4d73",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 109,
+   "id": "a537cef5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 109,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 110,
+   "id": "d676653d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "b = a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 111,
+   "id": "b68e00aa",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 111,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 112,
+   "id": "d250e226",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 113,
+   "id": "a3ce84c8",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 113,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 114,
+   "id": "27ad2700",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 114,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 120,
+   "id": "13ca91ce",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "degrees_celsius = 0"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "832bb8d7",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "30"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 123,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# degrees_celsius = degrees_celsius + 10\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# augmented assignment\n",
+    "degrees_celsius += 10\n",
+    "degrees_celsius\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# degrees_celsius **= 10"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 124,
+   "id": "18d23121",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "julia = 'cheese sandwich'\n",
+    "kaylie = julia"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 125,
+   "id": "9bfcf134",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'cheese sandwich'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 125,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "julia"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 126,
+   "id": "8912a684",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'cheese sandwich'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 126,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 127,
+   "id": "c4ef4583",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "julia = 'ham sandwich'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 128,
+   "id": "9cc7280d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'ham sandwich'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 128,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "julia"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 129,
+   "id": "0ad8fb10",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'cheese sandwich'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 129,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 130,
+   "id": "0bde7350",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie = julia"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 131,
+   "id": "db32f129",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'ham sandwich'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 131,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 132,
+   "id": "ebfca44f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "cannot assign to literal here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? (3541004665.py, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;36m  Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[132], line 1\u001b[0;36m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    12 = x\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m    ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m cannot assign to literal here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='?\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "12 = x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 133,
+   "id": "b8283460",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "invalid syntax (934255472.py, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;36m  Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[133], line 1\u001b[0;36m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    25 -\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m        ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "25 -"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 134,
+   "id": "3d3b241c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "NameError",
+     "evalue": "name 'my_variable' is not defined",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[134], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mmy_variable\u001b[49m \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'my_variable' is not defined"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "my_variable + 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "02d5313a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# this is a comment!\n",
+    "\n",
+    "dog = 'woof'\n",
+    "# dog = 'bark'\n",
+    "cat = 'meow'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "e3384b06",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# readability\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# white space: space to either side of an operator helps with readability\n",
+    "# can split code across multiple lines by wrapping it in parentheses\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# comments: help explain sections of code\n",
+    "# can toggle lines of code on/off\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# clear and consistent variable names: descriptive variable names\n",
+    "# consistent naming practice"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 138,
+   "id": "352cd1da",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "20"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 138,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "(5 + 5 +\n",
+    "  5 + 5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "960de3e0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Version 1\n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "studentone_grade=90\n",
+    "StudentGrade2=50\n",
+    "stu3gr=74\n",
+    "avggrade=(studentone_grade+StudentGrade2+stut3gr)/3\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Version 2 \n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "student1_grade = 90\n",
+    "student2_grade = 50\n",
+    "student3_grade = 74\n",
+    "average_grade = ((student1_grade\n",
+    "                  + student2_grade\n",
+    "                  + student3_grade)\n",
+    "                 / 3)\n",
+    "```\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "e2ac4eae",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "42\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# function: block of code that performs a task\n",
+    "# can take zero or more inputs and return an output\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(42)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 141,
+   "id": "f7c97d25",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "float"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 141,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(42.0)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 142,
+   "id": "549350d7",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "bool"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 142,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 143,
+   "id": "8054647d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "43"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 143,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "abs(-43)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 144,
+   "id": "ba5e2c18",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 144,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "round(2/3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 146,
+   "id": "4de0a0f6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0.6666666666666666"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 146,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "2 / 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 147,
+   "id": "a9ee0753",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 147,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "float(4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 148,
+   "id": "5cb855cf",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 148,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "int(4.0)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 149,
+   "id": "38734581",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "int"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 149,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(round(2 * 1.5))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 150,
+   "id": "b57533e7",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 150,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "2 * 1.5"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 151,
+   "id": "367b194d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 151,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "round(3.0)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 152,
+   "id": "b0f10f1d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "int"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 152,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 153,
+   "id": "a2911504",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function round in module builtins:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "round(number, ndigits=None)\n",
+      "    Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None.  Otherwise\n",
+      "    the return value has the same type as the number.  ndigits may be negative.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(round)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 161,
+   "id": "cee2fa40",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0.66667"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 161,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "round(2/3, 5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "34a135e0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 154,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "round(2/3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 156,
+   "id": "2f0e2761",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0.6666666666666666"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 156,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "2 / 3 "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 157,
+   "id": "07e074d6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 157,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "round(10/3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 159,
+   "id": "dc267146",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3.3333333333333335"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 159,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "10 / 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "7950db8b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# function names:\n",
+    "# can use letters, digits, and underscores\n",
+    "# cannot start with a digit\n",
+    "# case sensitive\n",
+    "# typically functions start with lowercase letters\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# parameters: variables used only within a function\n",
+    "# pass an argument to a function, argument value is assigned to a corresponding parameter\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# None: special data type representing no data\n",
+    "# if we don't have a return statement, Python will fill in an implicit one and return None"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 169,
+   "id": "488a0cd2",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def c_to_f(degrees_c):\n",
+    "    degrees_f = (9 / 5) * degrees_c + 32\n",
+    "    return degrees_f"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 163,
+   "id": "3c64200c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "212.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 163,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "c_to_f(100)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 164,
+   "id": "6a569714",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "12.2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 164,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "c_to_f(-11)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 170,
+   "id": "38c9d40f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "boiling_f = c_to_f(100)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 171,
+   "id": "e2ef8f99",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "212.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 171,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "boiling_f"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 172,
+   "id": "b1a72385",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def c_to_f(degrees_c):\n",
+    "    degrees_f = (9 / 5) * degrees_c + 32\n",
+    "    print(degrees_f)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "1ac52ac1",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "212.0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "boiling_f = c_to_f(100) # output is None"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 177,
+   "id": "c021b747",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "boiling_f"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "1f8eb2d2",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "dsi_participant",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.11.8"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}
diff --git a/04_this_cohort/live_code/08_20_2025.ipynb b/04_this_cohort/live_code/08_20_2025.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a14965013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/04_this_cohort/live_code/08_20_2025.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,2649 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "id": "9d0ff086",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "42\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# August 20, 2025\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(42)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "id": "030b58ec",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def c_to_f(degrees_c):\n",
+    "    degrees_f = (9 / 5) * degrees_c + 32\n",
+    "    return degrees_f"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "id": "85a87410",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "212.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "c_to_f(100)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "id": "9a976f8d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "39.2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 4,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "c_to_f(4.0)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "id": "901e070c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def divide(dividend, divisor):\n",
+    "    result = dividend / divisor\n",
+    "    return int(result)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "id": "3e58d32f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "divide(0, 2) # 0 / 2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "c9183bf0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
+     "evalue": "division by zero",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[7], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mdivide\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m2\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m0\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[5], line 2\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mdivide\u001b[0;34m(dividend, divisor)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mdivide\u001b[39m(dividend, divisor):\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0m     result \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mdividend\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m/\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdivisor\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m result\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: division by zero"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "divide(2, 0) # 2 / 0"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "id": "68afd840",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def calc_sales_tax(price, tax_rate=0.13):\n",
+    "    tax_amount = price * tax_rate\n",
+    "    return tax_amount"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "id": "ab003d7a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0.65"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 11,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "calc_sales_tax(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "id": "45b97958",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0.65"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 12,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "5 * 0.13"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "e1e266d6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0.4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 13,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "calc_sales_tax(5, 0.08)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "id": "8ca927fd",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0.4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 14,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "5 * 0.08"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "id": "be6e8d78",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def calc_total_bill(price, tax_rate=0.13, tip_rate=0.15):\n",
+    "    tax_amount = price * tax_rate\n",
+    "    tip_amount = price * tip_rate\n",
+    "    total_bill = price + tax_amount + tip_amount\n",
+    "    return total_bill"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "id": "127e67c3",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "128.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 20,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "calc_total_bill(100)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "id": "c2cd3752",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "128.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 21,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "100 + 100 * 0.13 + 100 * 0.15"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "id": "42fa3953",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "135.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 22,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "calc_total_bill(100, 0.20)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "id": "7ba15f90",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "135.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 23,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "100 + 100 * 0.20 + 100 * 0.15"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "82ec6fef",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "133.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 26,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "calc_total_bill(100, tip_rate=0.20)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "id": "cf065dd9",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "133.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 25,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "100 + 100 * 0.13 + 100 * 0.20"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "id": "6836f7db",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def calc_total_bill_2(price, tax_rate, tip_rate):\n",
+    "    tax_amount = price * tax_rate\n",
+    "    tip_amount = price * tip_rate\n",
+    "    total_bill = price + tax_amount + tip_amount\n",
+    "    return total_bill"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "id": "90ed654b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "calc_total_bill_2() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'tax_rate' and 'tip_rate'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[28], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mcalc_total_bill_2\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m100\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: calc_total_bill_2() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'tax_rate' and 'tip_rate'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "calc_total_bill_2(100)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "id": "8e823957",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function round in module builtins:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "round(number, ndigits=None)\n",
+      "    Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None.  Otherwise\n",
+      "    the return value has the same type as the number.  ndigits may be negative.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(round)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "id": "b79cb63b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function c_to_f in module __main__:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "c_to_f(degrees_c)\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(c_to_f)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "id": "843b9931",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def c_to_f(degrees_c):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Convert degrees from Celsius to Fahrenheit\"\"\"\n",
+    "    degrees_f = (9 / 5) * degrees_c + 32\n",
+    "    return degrees_f"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "id": "6245fa70",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function c_to_f in module __main__:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "c_to_f(degrees_c)\n",
+      "    Convert degrees from Celsius to Fahrenheit\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(c_to_f)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "id": "9e781f6c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "NameError",
+     "evalue": "name 'degrees_c' is not defined",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[33], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mdegrees_c\u001b[49m\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'degrees_c' is not defined"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "degrees_c"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "id": "69237183",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie = 'loves python'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "id": "a39b5a2e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'loves python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 35,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "id": "6dfd2533",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'This is a string'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 36,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'This is a string'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "id": "448e0c00",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'This is also a string'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 37,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"This is also a string\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 38,
+   "id": "542265a7",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "unterminated string literal (detected at line 1) (3110063236.py, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;36m  Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[38], line 1\u001b[0;36m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    'This does not work\"\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m    ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m unterminated string literal (detected at line 1)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'This does not work\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "id": "e71ab187",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "unterminated string literal (detected at line 1) (3205553238.py, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;36m  Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[39], line 1\u001b[0;36m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    'Let's see if this works'\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m                            ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m unterminated string literal (detected at line 1)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'Let's see if this works'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 40,
+   "id": "6a0295f8",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "\"Let's see if this works\""
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 40,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Let's see if this works\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "id": "f089e2d3",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'\\nI am a multiline string\\n\\nThis is handy for long texts\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 41,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'''\n",
+    "I am a multiline string\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This is handy for long texts\n",
+    "'''"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "19971831",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Escape sequences\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Escape sequence | Description        |\n",
+    "|-----------------|--------------------|\n",
+    "| \\\\'             | Single quote       |\n",
+    "| \\\\\"             | Double quote       |\n",
+    "| \\\\\\\\            | Backslash          |\n",
+    "| \\\\t             | Tab                |\n",
+    "| \\\\n             | Newline            |\n",
+    "| \\\\r             | Carriage return    |"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "id": "b11e4eea",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "This is a backslash: \\\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('This is a backslash: \\\\')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "id": "96ebbaad",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "This is a double-quote string with a quote inside: \"example\"\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('This is a double-quote string with a quote inside: \"example\"')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "id": "72c9916b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "This is a double-quote string with a quote inside: \"example\"\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"This is a double-quote string with a quote inside: \\\"example\\\"\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "id": "b55bf263",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "This is a single-quoted string with a quote inside: won't\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"This is a single-quoted string with a quote inside: won't\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "id": "10b4f1d1",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "This is a single-quoted string with a quote inside: won't\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('This is a single-quoted string with a quote inside: won\\'t')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "id": "79cb31aa",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "a return carriagee of \n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('This is an example of \\ra return carriage')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 53,
+   "id": "551ba45d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "aaXXX\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('XXXXX\\raa')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "7da855ec",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "'aaXXX'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 54,
+   "id": "ef156d02",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "67345\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('12345\\r67')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "8e5ca326",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "'67345'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "id": "3c0a2d47",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 55,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "3 + 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "id": "419d1406",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "9"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 56,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "3 * 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "id": "7798ad1a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'hello world'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 57,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'hello' + ' ' + 'world'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "id": "cd96116c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'hahaha'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 58,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'ha' * 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "id": "21834f6c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "can only concatenate str (not \"int\") to str",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[60], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mThe year is \u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m+\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m2025\u001b[39;49m\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: can only concatenate str (not \"int\") to str"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'The year is ' + 2025"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "id": "37b09e1d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 61,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'apple' == 'Apple'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "id": "ad9f7ff1",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 62,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'apple' != 'Apple'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "id": "109e656d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 63,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'20' == 20"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "id": "3e2acc62",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "first_name = 'Ada'\n",
+    "last_name = 'Lovelace'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "id": "80f7a91b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'A'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 68,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "first_name[0]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 69,
+   "id": "2bcfd2d1",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'L'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 69,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "last_name[0]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "id": "f19b53ce",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Ad'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 70,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "first_name[0:2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 71,
+   "id": "9c77cfad",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lov'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 71,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "last_name[0:3]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 73,
+   "id": "3247e655",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'lace'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 73,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "last_name[4:8]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 74,
+   "id": "1f05d5aa",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'lace'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 74,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "last_name[4:]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 75,
+   "id": "2caf3079",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Love'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 75,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "last_name[:4]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "id": "ffd2da38",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'A'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 81,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "first_name[0]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 82,
+   "id": "c7d02351",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'a'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 82,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "first_name[2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 84,
+   "id": "9c5920bd",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Aa'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 84,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "first_name[::2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 86,
+   "id": "feba273d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'oea'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 86,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "last_name[1:7:2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "1fc73262",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Le'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 88,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "last_name[0:6:3] # start at index 1 to index 5, moving 3 at a time"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 89,
+   "id": "3233e61a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'555'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 89,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "phone_number = '+1 555-123-4567'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "phone_number[3:6]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 92,
+   "id": "0935ea8f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'1 555-123'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 92,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "phone_number[1:10]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 91,
+   "id": "8c0fe64f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'15513'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 91,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "phone_number[1:10:2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 94,
+   "id": "622dc5d2",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "job_qualifications = 'The successful applicant will be proficient in R, Python, SQL, statistics'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 95,
+   "id": "1379e68e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 95,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'R' in job_qualifications"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 96,
+   "id": "e9de6e9a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 96,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "' r ' in job_qualifications"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 97,
+   "id": "460d26de",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 97,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'JavaScript' in job_qualifications"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 98,
+   "id": "1b509030",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1 fish 2 fish\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(1, 'fish', 2, 'fish')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 99,
+   "id": "c4b3489d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "43"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 99,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "len('Sometimes we have a lonnnnggg piece of text')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 100,
+   "id": "ce7765a2",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'n', 'n']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 100,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sorted('banana')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 101,
+   "id": "0db3344f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['a', 'e', 'i', 'k', 'l', 'y']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 101,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sorted('kaylie')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 102,
+   "id": "701ee89f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I AM NOT YELLING'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 102,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'I am not yelling'.upper()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 103,
+   "id": "ee0786f1",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 103,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'This string is unusual'.count('e')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 104,
+   "id": "12f8dcec",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 104,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'file_name.csv'.endswith('.csv')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 105,
+   "id": "23b419dc",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'long_file_name_with_spaces.csv'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 105,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'long file name with spaces.csv'.replace(' ', '_')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 106,
+   "id": "c7c836bb",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Ada'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 106,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "first_name"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 107,
+   "id": "319764ac",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lovelace'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 107,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "last_name"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 108,
+   "id": "63f3ae18",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "\"Ada Lovelace's initials are A. L.\""
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 108,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'Ada Lovelace\\'s initials are {}. {}.'.format(first_name[0], last_name[0])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 112,
+   "id": "ed6ae208",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'My favourite veggie is lettuce'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 112,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'My favourite veggie is {}'.format('lettuce')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 113,
+   "id": "718d52c9",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "\"Ada Lovelace's initials are A. L.\""
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 113,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "f'Ada Lovelace\\'s initials are {first_name[0]}. {last_name[0]}.'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 115,
+   "id": "09c67c0a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'My favourite veggie is lettuce'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 115,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "f\"My favourite veggie is {'lettuce'}\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "186d20b7",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'My favourite veggie is tomato'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 117,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "veggie = 'tomato'\n",
+    "f'My favourite veggie is {veggie}'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 118,
+   "id": "28655f0f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on method_descriptor:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "lower(self, /)\n",
+      "    Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(str.lower)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "3ee48d03",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# int()\n",
+    "# if float -> truncate the decimal part\n",
+    "# if string representing a valid integer -> convert the string to an integer\n",
+    "# if string representing a float -> return error"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 119,
+   "id": "f08f6199",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "12"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 119,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "int(12.25)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 120,
+   "id": "4d8aad43",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 120,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "int('2')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 121,
+   "id": "575f3e74",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "ValueError",
+     "evalue": "invalid literal for int() with base 10: '2.2222'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[121], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;43mint\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m2.2222\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '2.2222'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "int('2.2222')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 122,
+   "id": "4422aefd",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "ValueError",
+     "evalue": "invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'me'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[122], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;43mint\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mme\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'me'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "int('me')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "73c980dd",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# float()\n",
+    "# if int -> convert to a floating-point number\n",
+    "# if string representing a valid float -> convert the string to a float"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 124,
+   "id": "863d7cea",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "892.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 124,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "float(892)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 127,
+   "id": "7e9c4204",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "122.222"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 127,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "float('122.222')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 123,
+   "id": "98895e6d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "892.0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 123,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "float('892')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 125,
+   "id": "34614738",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "ValueError",
+     "evalue": "could not convert string to float: 'me'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[125], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;43mfloat\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mme\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: could not convert string to float: 'me'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "float('me')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "b1f46683",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'37.5'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 128,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "str(37.5) #float to string"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "a21c50f0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'29'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 129,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "str(29) #int to string"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "764f5fd3",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# input() function prompt the user and return their response as a string"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 130,
+   "id": "7050a4ce",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "age = input(\"How old are you? \")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 131,
+   "id": "f4258dec",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'10000000'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 131,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "age"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 132,
+   "id": "2ae59a8c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fruit = input(\"What is your favourite fruit? \")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 133,
+   "id": "95f035f2",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'kiwi'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 133,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fruit"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 134,
+   "id": "29e00786",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "10000001"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 134,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "age_next_year = int(age) + 1\n",
+    "age_next_year"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 135,
+   "id": "7a339668",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "age = input(\"How old are you? \")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 136,
+   "id": "9f6fa5c9",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'cat'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 136,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "age"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 137,
+   "id": "5edc2341",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "ValueError",
+     "evalue": "invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'cat'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[137], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m age_next_year \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mint\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mage\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m age_next_year\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'cat'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "age_next_year = int(age) + 1\n",
+    "age_next_year"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "4af3f994",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## `not`\n",
+    "\n",
+    "|X|`not` X|\n",
+    "|-|-|\n",
+    "|True|False|\n",
+    "|False|True|"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 138,
+   "id": "8959f807",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 138,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# not:\n",
+    "# negate the truth value of the statement\n",
+    "\n",
+    "not True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 139,
+   "id": "1b181857",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 139,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "not False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "3a0e55e0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 140,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "3 == 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 141,
+   "id": "6bc81c5a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 141,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "not (3 == 3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "d89739d0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## `and`\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Evaluates to `True` if both statements are true.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "|X|Y|X `and` Y|\n",
+    "|-|-|-|\n",
+    "|True|True|True|\n",
+    "|False|True|False|\n",
+    "|True|False|False|\n",
+    "|False|False|False|"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 142,
+   "id": "75bc5247",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 142,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "7 == 7 "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 143,
+   "id": "5eeb52ea",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 143,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "32 > 9"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 144,
+   "id": "525f159b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 144,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "7 == 7 and 32 > 9 # True and True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "4e4a025c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# and: check if the statements on both sides are true"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 146,
+   "id": "f62a8981",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 146,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'Python' == 'python'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "0544ee19",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 145,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'Python' == 'python' and True # False and True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 149,
+   "id": "540f788c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 149,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "is_summer = True\n",
+    "is_sunny = True\n",
+    "is_summer and is_sunny # True and True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 150,
+   "id": "0dc91788",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 150,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "45 != 90 "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 151,
+   "id": "0c3b91ad",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 151,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "20 > 5"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 152,
+   "id": "26aa4a0e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 152,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "45 != 90 and 20 > 5 # True and True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "69d408d2",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# To avoid confusion and to make sure you have consistent behaviour, you should always use boolean values (True and False) explicitly when working with logical operators."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "3fbf0d88",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 153,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# and operator returns the first falsy value encountered or the last truthy value if all \n",
+    "# operands are true\n",
+    "\n",
+    "is_winter = \"True\" # non-empty string so it is considered a True (bool)\n",
+    "is_cloudy = True # True (bool))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "is_winter and is_cloudy"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 154,
+   "id": "ee22fafa",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'True'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 154,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "is_cloudy and is_winter"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "0140c606",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'cat'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 155,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "my_pet = 'dog' # non-empty string so it is considered True (bool)\n",
+    "xindi_pet = 'cat' # non-empty string so it is considered True (bool)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# 'dog' and 'cat'\n",
+    "my_pet and xindi_pet"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 156,
+   "id": "da71aa0e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'dog'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 156,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "xindi_pet and my_pet"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "c109dd78",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "''"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 157,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "day_of_week = 'Wednesday' # non-empty string so it is considered True (bool)\n",
+    "month = '' # empty string so it is considered False (bool)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# '' and 'Wednesday'\n",
+    "month and day_of_week"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 159,
+   "id": "aaac53a1",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 159,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "False and True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 158,
+   "id": "164ecc30",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 158,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "season = 'summer' # non-empty string so it is considered True (bool)\n",
+    "time_of_year = 0 # 0 so it is considered False (bool)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "season and 0"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "dsi_participant",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.11.8"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}
diff --git a/04_this_cohort/live_code/08_21_2025.ipynb b/04_this_cohort/live_code/08_21_2025.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5da530ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/04_this_cohort/live_code/08_21_2025.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,1535 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "id": "36860799",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# August 21, 2025"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "7fb0f1d5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## `not`\n",
+    "\n",
+    "|X|`not` X|\n",
+    "|-|-|\n",
+    "|True|False|\n",
+    "|False|True|"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "id": "833e8c5c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 10,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "not (3 == 3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "e4cc2032",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## `and`\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Evaluates to `True` if both statements are true.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "|X|Y|X `and` Y|\n",
+    "|-|-|-|\n",
+    "|True|True|True|\n",
+    "|False|True|False|\n",
+    "|True|False|False|\n",
+    "|False|False|False|"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "id": "61a17c2e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 11,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "(4 > 1) and (2 == 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "id": "85151bcc",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 12,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "(4 == 1) and (2 == 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "49ac662f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## To avoid confusion and ensure consistent behaviour, it's recommended to use boolean values (`True` or `False`) explicitly when working with logical operations to ensure predictable outcomes based on boolean logic."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "05657084",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## `or`\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Evaluates to `True` if just one of the statements is true.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "|X|Y|X `or` Y|\n",
+    "|-|-|-|\n",
+    "|True|True|True|\n",
+    "|False|True|True|\n",
+    "|True|False|True|\n",
+    "|False|False|False|"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "id": "f7b847be",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 13,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'Python' == 'python' or True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "id": "d3f1bad5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 14,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'Python' == 'python'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "id": "a9efd3c7",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 15,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "not (7 % 2 == 1) or False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "id": "e1df7477",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 16,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "7 % 2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "id": "b9620c57",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 17,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "1 == 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "id": "dba54401",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# and operator: return the first falsy value encountered or the last truthy value if all operands \n",
+    "# are `True` based on the conditions provided\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# or operator: return the first truthy value encountered or the last falsy value if all operands\n",
+    "# are `False` based on the conditions provided"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "id": "486c4a6b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'dog'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 19,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# \"dog\" is a non-empty string, True\n",
+    "# \"cat\" is a non-empty string, True\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\"dog\" or \"cat\" "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "id": "a55a4a8a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 20,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# 0 is False\n",
+    "\n",
+    "0 or 0"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "33e284de",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Operator precedence\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Boolean operators are evaluated after arithmetic and comparison operators.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Order | Operator | Description |\n",
+    "|---|---|---|\n",
+    "| 1 | `**` | Exponentiation |\n",
+    "| 2 | `-`| Negation |\n",
+    "| 3 | `*`, `/`, `//`, `%` | Multiplication, division, integer division, and modulo |\n",
+    "| 4 | `+`, `-` | Addition and subtraction |\n",
+    "| 5 | `<`, `<=`, `>`, `>=`, `==`, `!=` | Less than, less than or equal to, greater than, greater than or equal to, equal, not equal |\n",
+    "| 6 | `not` | Not |\n",
+    "| 7 | `and` | And |\n",
+    "| 8 | `or` | Or|"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "id": "b2337bd5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 21,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "True and True or False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "id": "ec888abe",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 22,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "True or False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "id": "f3423fc1",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 23,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "not ((5 != 6) or (4 < 100))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "id": "bccb03f4",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 24,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "True or True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "id": "05431594",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "year = 1990\n",
+    "\n",
+    "if year >= 2000:\n",
+    "    print('We are in the 21st century.')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "id": "e20b919d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "We are in the 21st century.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "year = 2025\n",
+    "\n",
+    "if year >= 2000:\n",
+    "    print(\"We are in the 21st century.\")\n",
+    "else:\n",
+    "    print(\"We are not in the 21st century.\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "id": "05c050a4",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "We are in the 21st century.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "year = 2025\n",
+    "\n",
+    "if year >= 2000:\n",
+    "    print('We are in the 21st century.')\n",
+    "elif year >= 1900:\n",
+    "    print('We are in the 20th century.')\n",
+    "elif year >= 1800:\n",
+    "    print('We are in the 19th century.')\n",
+    "else:\n",
+    "    print('We have gone way back in time!')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "id": "b9ba8d69",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def eye_exam_covered(age, qualifying_condition, time_since_last_exam):\n",
+    "    # age is int\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    # qualifying_condition is a bool: True is you have an eligible\n",
+    "    # medical condition, False is you do not\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    # time_since_last_exam is int representing the months since your last exam\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    if age <= 19:\n",
+    "        if time_since_last_exam >= 12:\n",
+    "            return \"You are eligible for 1 major eye exam and any minor assessments\"\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return \"You are eligible for minor assessments, but not a major eye exam.\"\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    elif 20 <= age <= 64:    \n",
+    "        if qualifying_condition:\n",
+    "            if time_since_last_exam >= 12:\n",
+    "                return \"You are eligible for 1 major eye exam and 2 additional follow up minor assessments\"\n",
+    "            else:\n",
+    "                return \"It hasn't been 12 months since your last major eye exam.\"\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return \"You do not have an eligible medical condition affecting your eyes.\"\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    elif age >= 65:\n",
+    "        if time_since_last_exam >= 18:\n",
+    "            return \"You are eligible for 1 major eye exam and 2 additional follow-up minor assessments\"\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return \"It hasn't been 18 months since your last major eye exam\"\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return \"Invalid age input.\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "id": "3160470b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'You are eligible for 1 major eye exam and 2 additional follow-up minor assessments'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 29,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "eye_exam_covered(67, True, 20)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "id": "592bf5ec",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'You are eligible for 1 major eye exam and 2 additional follow up minor assessments'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 30,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "eye_exam_covered(27, True, 15)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "id": "cb353640",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'You are eligible for minor assessments, but not a major eye exam.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 31,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "eye_exam_covered(19, False, 11)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "id": "0bb21681",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 34,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "vowels = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']\n",
+    "vowels"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "id": "b93df2aa",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "empty_list = [] # conventional way\n",
+    "\n",
+    "empty_list2 = list()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "id": "1706ac14",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "list"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 37,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(empty_list)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "id": "bfdc77fa",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "scores = [90, 80, 82, 91, 80]\n",
+    "grades = ['K', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]\n",
+    "summary_functions = [len, sum, max, min]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "1a43a7e9",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "mystery_solvers = [['Sherlock', 'Watson'], \n",
+    "                   ['Scooby', 'Shaggy', 'Fred'], \n",
+    "                   'Nancy']"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "id": "40be8280",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['K', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 41,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grades"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "id": "73c342cb",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'K'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 42,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grades[0]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "id": "442cbc38",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[6, 7, 8]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 43,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grades[6:9]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "id": "478374d5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[9, 10, 11, 12]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 44,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grades[-4:]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "id": "df0dbf67",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "IndexError",
+     "evalue": "list index out of range",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[45], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mgrades\u001b[49m\u001b[43m[\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m13\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m]\u001b[49m\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: list index out of range"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grades[13]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "id": "99217e5d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 46,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'dog' in 'examples of pets are dogs, cats, and birds'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "id": "3b4260a1",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 47,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "vowels"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "id": "926b9e8d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 49,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'y' in vowels"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "id": "58e82724",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "37"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 50,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "perfect_squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 37, 49]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "perfect_squares[5]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "id": "6209aed4",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "perfect_squares[5] = 36"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "id": "6e39b032",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 52,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "perfect_squares"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "id": "d8547186",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['bread', 'cheese', 'bread']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 55,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "julia_sandwich = ['bread', 'cheese', 'bread']\n",
+    "julia_sandwich"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "id": "a1fee9b3",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie_sandwich = julia_sandwich"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "id": "407adedc",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['bread', 'cheese', 'bread']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 57,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie_sandwich"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "id": "42c233d9",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "julia_sandwich[1] = 'tomato'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "id": "d50a687b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['bread', 'tomato', 'bread']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 59,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "julia_sandwich"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "id": "7d0d687e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['bread', 'tomato', 'bread']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 60,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie_sandwich"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "20262ed3",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# ^^^ lists are mutable data types"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "id": "357aa997",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'cheese sandwich'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 61,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "julia_sandwich2 = 'cheese sandwich'\n",
+    "julia_sandwich2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "id": "6aa5cbc2",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie_sandwich2 = julia_sandwich2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "id": "0ba67a45",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'cheese sandwich'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 63,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie_sandwich2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "id": "46f41187",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "julia_sandwich2 = 'tomato sandwich'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "id": "0fe68d48",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'tomato sandwich'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 65,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "julia_sandwich2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "id": "c81f7afc",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'cheese sandwich'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 66,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "kaylie_sandwich2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "id": "7453d1c8",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 68,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 1\n",
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "id": "0afaf657",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 70,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b = a\n",
+    "b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 71,
+   "id": "251ca6b5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 71,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 2\n",
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 72,
+   "id": "ae3e5897",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 72,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 74,
+   "id": "70ee88ab",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 74,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a = [1, 2]\n",
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 76,
+   "id": "8ce0aeec",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 76,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b = a\n",
+    "b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 77,
+   "id": "f89a9902",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[6, 2]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 77,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a[0] = 6\n",
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 78,
+   "id": "84f772b6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[6, 2]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 78,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 79,
+   "id": "28c33f2e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "combo = ['burger', 'fries', 'drink']\n",
+    "kid_meal = list(combo)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 80,
+   "id": "858104ee",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['burger', 'fries', 'drink']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 80,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "combo"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "id": "b118a24f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['burger', 'fries', 'drink']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 81,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "kid_meal"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 82,
+   "id": "9031f93d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "combo[0] = 'chicken sandwich'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 83,
+   "id": "44cdb53a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['chicken sandwich', 'fries', 'drink']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 83,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "combo"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 84,
+   "id": "6e1738ab",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['burger', 'fries', 'drink']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 84,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "kid_meal"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 85,
+   "id": "2dd30b0c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 85,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "perfect_squares"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 86,
+   "id": "aa4f3822",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "7"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 86,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "len(perfect_squares)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 87,
+   "id": "7fbc0e0e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 87,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "perfect_squares"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 88,
+   "id": "68220fb6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "49"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 88,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "max(perfect_squares)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 89,
+   "id": "1d19d501",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 89,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "perfect_squares"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 90,
+   "id": "da7925ed",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "perfect_squares.append(64)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 91,
+   "id": "04c7a8a9",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 91,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "perfect_squares"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "299c554f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "dsi_participant",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.11.8"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}